path: root/src/utils/pintos

#! /usr/bin/perl -w

use strict;
use POSIX;
use Fcntl;
use File::Temp 'tempfile';
use Getopt::Long qw(:config bundling);

# klaar@ida 2011-01-12; result of some sys-commands like `uptime` is
# expected to be in english, causing warning "Use of uninitialized
# value in numeric ge (>=) at /home/TDDI04/labs/bin/pintos line 853."
# Setting LC_ALL to C fixes that.
$ENV{'LC_ALL'} = 'C';

# Command-line options.
our ($start_time) = time ();
our ($sim);			# Simulator: bochs, qemu, or player.
our ($debug) = "none";		# Debugger: none, monitor, or gdb.
our ($mem) = 4;			# Physical RAM in MB.
our ($serial) = 1;		# Use serial port for input and output?
our ($vga);			# VGA output: window, terminal, or none.
our ($jitter);			# Seed for random timer interrupts, if set.
our ($realtime);		# Synchronize timer interrupts with real time?
our ($timeout);			# Maximum runtime in seconds, if set.
our ($dport) = 1234;		# set gdb connection port [default=1234]
our ($kill_on_failure);		# Abort quickly on test failure?
our (@puts);			# Files to copy into the VM.
our (@gets);			# Files to copy out of the VM.
our ($as_ref);			# Reference to last addition to @gets or @puts.
our (@kernel_args);		# Arguments to pass to kernel.
our (%disks) = (OS => {DEF_FN => 'os.dsk'},		# Disks to give VM.
		FS => {DEF_FN => 'fs.dsk'},
		SCRATCH => {DEF_FN => 'scratch.dsk'},
		SWAP => {DEF_FN => 'swap.dsk'});
our (@disks_by_iface) = @disks{qw (OS FS SCRATCH SWAP)};

parse_command_line ();
find_disks ();
prepare_scratch_disk ();
prepare_arguments ();
run_vm ();
finish_scratch_disk ();

exit 0;

# Parses the command line.
sub parse_command_line {
    usage (0) if @ARGV == 0 || (@ARGV == 1 && $ARGV[0] eq '--help');
    
    @kernel_args = @ARGV;
    if (grep ($_ eq '--', @kernel_args)) {
	@ARGV = ();
	while ((my $arg = shift (@kernel_args)) ne '--') {
	    push (@ARGV, $arg);
	}
	GetOptions ("sim=s" => sub { set_sim (@_) },
		    "bochs" => sub { set_sim ("bochs") },
		    "qemu" => sub { set_sim ("qemu") },
		    "player" => sub { set_sim ("player") },

		    "debug=s" => sub { set_debug (@_) },
		    "no-debug" => sub { set_debug ("none") },
		    "monitor" => sub { set_debug ("monitor") },
		    "gdb" => sub { set_debug ("gdb") },

		    "m|memory=i" => \$mem,
		    "j|jitter=i" => sub { set_jitter ($_[1]) },
		    "r|realtime" => sub { set_realtime () },

		    "T|timeout=i" => \$timeout,
		    "dport=i" => \$dport,
		    "k|kill-on-failure" => \$kill_on_failure,

		    "v|no-vga" => sub { set_vga ('none'); },
		    "s|no-serial" => sub { $serial = 0; },
		    "t|terminal" => sub { set_vga ('terminal'); },

		    "p|put-file=s" => sub { add_file (\@puts, $_[1]); },
		    "g|get-file=s" => sub { add_file (\@gets, $_[1]); },
		    "a|as=s" => sub { set_as ($_[1]); },

		    "h|help" => sub { usage (0); },

		    "os-disk=s" => \$disks{OS}{FILE_NAME},
		    "fs-disk=s" => \$disks{FS}{FILE_NAME},
		    "scratch-disk=s" => \$disks{SCRATCH}{FILE_NAME},
		    "swap-disk=s" => \$disks{SWAP}{FILE_NAME},

		    "0|disk-0|hda=s" => \$disks_by_iface[0]{FILE_NAME},
		    "1|disk-1|hdb=s" => \$disks_by_iface[1]{FILE_NAME},
		    "2|disk-2|hdc=s" => \$disks_by_iface[2]{FILE_NAME},
		    "3|disk-3|hdd=s" => \$disks_by_iface[3]{FILE_NAME})
	  or exit 1;
    }

    $sim = "qemu" if !defined $sim;
    $debug = "none" if !defined $debug;
    $vga = "window" if !defined $vga;

    undef $timeout, print "warning: disabling timeout with --$debug\n"
      if defined ($timeout) && $debug ne 'none';

    print "warning: enabling serial port for -k or --kill-on-failure\n"
      if $kill_on_failure && !$serial;
}

# usage($exitcode).
# Prints a usage message and exits with $exitcode.
sub usage {
    my ($exitcode) = @_;
    $exitcode = 1 unless defined $exitcode;
    print <<'EOF';
pintos, a utility for running Pintos in a simulator
Usage: pintos [OPTION...] -- [ARGUMENT...]
where each OPTION is one of the following options
  and each ARGUMENT is passed to Pintos kernel verbatim.
Simulator selection:
  --bochs                  Use Bochs as simulator
  --qemu                   (default) Use QEMU as simulator
  --player                 Use VMware Player as simulator
Debugger selection:
  --no-debug               (default) No debugger
  --monitor                Debug with simulator's monitor
  --gdb                    Debug with gdb
Display options: (default is both VGA and serial)
  -v, --no-vga             No VGA display or keyboard
                           Use C-a x to make qemu exit
  -s, --no-serial          No serial input or output
  -t, --terminal           Display VGA in terminal (Bochs only)
Timing options: (Bochs only)
  -j SEED                  Randomize timer interrupts
  -r, --realtime           Use realistic, not reproducible, timings
Testing options:
  -T, --timeout=N          Kill Pintos after N seconds CPU time or N*load_avg
                           seconds wall-clock time (whichever comes first)
  -k, --kill-on-failure    Kill Pintos a few seconds after a kernel or user
                           panic, test failure, or triple fault
Configuration options:
  -m, --mem=N              Give Pintos N MB physical RAM (default: 4)
File system commands (for `run' command):
  -p, --put-file=HOSTFN    Copy HOSTFN into VM, by default under same name
  -g, --get-file=GUESTFN   Copy GUESTFN out of VM, by default under same name
  -a, --as=FILENAME        Specifies guest (for -p) or host (for -g) file name
Disk options: (name an existing FILE or specify SIZE in MB for a temp disk)
  --os-disk=FILE           Set OS disk file (default: os.dsk)
  --fs-disk=FILE|SIZE      Set FS disk file (default: fs.dsk)
  --scratch-disk=FILE|SIZE Set scratch disk (default: scratch.dsk)
  --swap-disk=FILE|SIZE    Set swap disk file (default: swap.dsk)
Other options:
  -h, --help               Display this help message.
EOF
    exit $exitcode;
}

# Sets the simulator.
sub set_sim {
    my ($new_sim) = @_;
    die "--$new_sim conflicts with --$sim\n"
	if defined ($sim) && $sim ne $new_sim;
    $sim = $new_sim;
}

# Sets the debugger.
sub set_debug {
    my ($new_debug) = @_;
    die "--$new_debug conflicts with --$debug\n"
	if $debug ne 'none' && $new_debug ne 'none' && $debug ne $new_debug;
    $debug = $new_debug;
}

# Sets VGA output destination.
sub set_vga {
    my ($new_vga) = @_;
    if (defined ($vga) && $vga ne $new_vga) {
	print "warning: conflicting vga display options\n";
    }
    $vga = $new_vga;
}

# Sets randomized timer interrupts.
sub set_jitter {
    my ($new_jitter) = @_;
    die "--realtime conflicts with --jitter\n" if defined $realtime;
    die "different --jitter already defined\n"
	if defined $jitter && $jitter != $new_jitter;
    $jitter = $new_jitter;
}

# Sets real-time timer interrupts.
sub set_realtime {
    die "--realtime conflicts with --jitter\n" if defined $jitter;
    $realtime = 1;
}

# add_file(\@list, $file)
#
# Adds [$file] to @list, which should be @puts or @gets.
# Sets $as_ref to point to the added element.
sub add_file {
    my ($list, $file) = @_;
    $as_ref = [$file];
    push (@$list, $as_ref);
}

# Sets the guest/host name for the previous put/get.
sub set_as {
    my ($as) = @_;
    die "-a (or --as) is only allowed after -p or -g\n" if !defined $as_ref;
    die "Only one -a (or --as) is allowed after -p or -g\n"
      if defined $as_ref->[1];
    $as_ref->[1] = $as;
}

# Locates the files used to back each of the virtual disks,
# and creates temporary disks.
sub find_disks {
    for my $disk (values %disks) {
	# If there's no assigned file name but the default file exists,
	# try to assign a default file name.
	if (!defined ($disk->{FILE_NAME})) {
	    for my $try_fn ($disk->{DEF_FN}, "build/" . $disk->{DEF_FN}) {
		$disk->{FILE_NAME} = $try_fn, last
		  if -e $try_fn;
	    }
	}

	# If there's no file name, we're done.
	next if !defined ($disk->{FILE_NAME});

	if ($disk->{FILE_NAME} =~ /^\d+(\.\d+)?|\.\d+$/) {
	    # Create a temporary disk of approximately the specified
	    # size in megabytes.
	    die "OS disk can't be temporary\n" if $disk == $disks{OS};

	    my ($mb) = $disk->{FILE_NAME};
	    undef $disk->{FILE_NAME};

	    my ($cyl_size) = 512 * 16 * 63;
	    extend_disk ($disk, ceil ($mb * 2) * $cyl_size);
	} else {
	    # The file must exist and have nonzero size.
	    -e $disk->{FILE_NAME} or die "$disk->{FILE_NAME}: stat: $!\n";
	    -s _ or die "$disk->{FILE_NAME}: disk has zero size\n";
	}
    }

    # Warn about (potentially) missing disks.
    die "Cannot find OS disk\n" if !defined $disks{OS}{FILE_NAME};
    if (my ($project) = `pwd` =~ /\b(threads|userprog|vm|filesys)\b/) {
	if ((grep ($project eq $_, qw (userprog vm filesys)))
	    && !defined ($disks{FS}{FILE_NAME})) {
	    print STDERR "warning: it looks like you're running the $project ";
	    print STDERR "project, but no file system disk is present\n";
	}
	if ($project eq 'vm' && !defined $disks{SWAP}{FILE_NAME}) {
	    print STDERR "warning: it looks like you're running the $project ";
	    print STDERR "project, but no swap disk is present\n";
	}
    }
}

# Prepare the scratch disk for gets and puts.
sub prepare_scratch_disk {
    # Copy the files to put onto the scratch disk.
    put_scratch_file ($_->[0]) foreach @puts;

    # Make sure the scratch disk is big enough to get big files.
    extend_disk ($disks{SCRATCH}, @gets * 1024 * 1024) if @gets;
}

# Read "get" files from the scratch disk.
sub finish_scratch_disk {
    # We need to start reading the scratch disk from the beginning again.
    if (@gets) {
	close ($disks{SCRATCH}{HANDLE});
	undef ($disks{SCRATCH}{HANDLE});
    }

    # Read each file.
    # If reading fails, delete that file and all subsequent files.
    my ($ok) = 1;
    foreach my $get (@gets) {
	my ($name) = defined ($get->[1]) ? $get->[1] : $get->[0];
	$ok &&= get_scratch_file ($name);
	if (!$ok) {
	    die "$name: unlink: $!\n" if !unlink ($name) && !$!{ENOENT};
	}
    }
}

# put_scratch_file($file).
#
# Copies $file into the scratch disk.
sub put_scratch_file {
    my ($put_file_name) = @_;
    my ($disk_handle, $disk_file_name) = open_disk ($disks{SCRATCH});

    print "Copying $put_file_name into $disk_file_name...\n";

    # Write metadata sector, which consists of a 4-byte signature
    # followed by the file size.
    stat $put_file_name or die "$put_file_name: stat: $!\n";
    my ($size) = -s _;
    my ($metadata) = pack ("a4 V x504", "PUT\0", $size);
    write_fully ($disk_handle, $disk_file_name, $metadata);

    # Copy file data.
    my ($put_handle);
    sysopen ($put_handle, $put_file_name, O_RDONLY)
      or die "$put_file_name: open: $!\n";
    copy_file ($put_handle, $put_file_name, $disk_handle, $disk_file_name,
	       $size);
    close ($put_handle);

    # Round up disk data to beginning of next sector.
    write_fully ($disk_handle, $disk_file_name, "\0" x (512 - $size % 512))
      if $size % 512;
}

# get_scratch_file($file).
#
# Copies from the scratch disk to $file.
# Returns 1 if successful, 0 on failure.
sub get_scratch_file {
    my ($get_file_name) = @_;
    my ($disk_handle, $disk_file_name) = open_disk ($disks{SCRATCH});

    print "Copying $get_file_name out of $disk_file_name...\n";

    # Read metadata sector, which has a 4-byte signature followed by
    # the file size.
    my ($metadata) = read_fully ($disk_handle, $disk_file_name, 512);
    my ($signature, $size) = unpack ("a4 V", $metadata);
    (print STDERR "bad signature on scratch disk--did Pintos run fail?\n"),
      return 0
	if $signature ne "GET\0";

    # Copy file data.
    my ($get_handle);
    sysopen ($get_handle, $get_file_name, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT, 0666)
      or die "$get_file_name: create: $!\n";
    copy_file ($disk_handle, $disk_file_name, $get_handle, $get_file_name,
	       $size);
    close ($get_handle);

    # Skip forward in disk up to beginning of next sector.
    read_fully ($disk_handle, $disk_file_name, 512 - $size % 512)
      if $size % 512;

    return 1;
}

# Prepares the arguments to pass to the Pintos kernel,
# and then write them into Pintos bootloader.
sub prepare_arguments {
    my (@args);
    push (@args, shift (@kernel_args))
      while @kernel_args && $kernel_args[0] =~ /^-/;
    push (@args, 'put', defined $_->[1] ? $_->[1] : $_->[0]) foreach @puts;
    push (@args, @kernel_args);
    push (@args, 'get', $_->[0]) foreach @gets;
    write_cmd_line ($disks{OS}, @args);
}

# Writes @args into the Pintos bootloader at the beginning of $disk.
sub write_cmd_line {
    my ($disk, @args) = @_;

    # Figure out command line to write.
    my ($arg_cnt) = pack ("V", scalar (@args));
    my ($args) = join ('', map ("$_\0", @args));
    die "command line exceeds 128 bytes" if length ($args) > 128;
    $args .= "\0" x (128 - length ($args));

    # Write command line.
    my ($handle, $file_name) = open_disk_copy ($disk);
    print "Writing command line to $file_name...\n";
    sysseek ($handle, 0x17a, 0) == 0x17a or die "$file_name: seek: $!\n";
    syswrite ($handle, "$arg_cnt$args") or die "$file_name: write: $!\n";
}

# Running simulators.

# Runs the selected simulator.
sub run_vm {
    if ($sim eq 'bochs') {
	run_bochs ();
    } elsif ($sim eq 'qemu') {
	run_qemu ();
    } elsif ($sim eq 'player') {
	run_player ();
    } else {
	die "unknown simulator `$sim'\n";
    }
}

# Runs Bochs.
sub run_bochs {
    # Select Bochs binary based on the chosen debugger.
    my ($bin) = $debug eq 'monitor' ? 'bochs-dbg' : 'bochs';

    my ($squish_pty);
    if ($serial) {
	$squish_pty = find_in_path ("squish-pty");
	print "warning: can't find squish-pty, so terminal input will fail\n"
	  if !defined $squish_pty;
    }

    # Write bochsrc.txt configuration file.
    open (BOCHSRC, ">", "bochsrc.txt") or die "bochsrc.txt: create: $!\n";
    print BOCHSRC <<EOF;
romimage: file=\$BXSHARE/BIOS-bochs-latest, address=0xf0000
vgaromimage: file=\$BXSHARE/VGABIOS-lgpl-latest
boot: disk
cpu: ips=1000000
megs: $mem
log: bochsout.txt
panic: action=fatal
EOF
    print BOCHSRC "gdbstub: enabled=1\n" if $debug eq 'gdb';
    print BOCHSRC "clock: sync=", $realtime ? 'realtime' : 'none',
      ", time0=0\n";
    print_bochs_disk_line ("ata0-master", 0);
    print_bochs_disk_line ("ata0-slave", 1);
    if (defined ($disks_by_iface[2]{FILE_NAME})
	|| defined ($disks_by_iface[3]{FILE_NAME})) {
	print BOCHSRC "ata1: enabled=1, ioaddr1=0x170, ",
	  "ioaddr2=0x370, irq=15\n";
	print_bochs_disk_line ("ata1-master", 2);
	print_bochs_disk_line ("ata1-slave", 3);
    }
    if ($vga ne 'terminal') {
	if ($serial) {
	    my $mode = defined ($squish_pty) ? "term" : "file";
	    print BOCHSRC "com1: enabled=1, mode=$mode, dev=/dev/stdout\n";
	}
	print BOCHSRC "display_library: nogui\n" if $vga eq 'none';
    } else {
	print BOCHSRC "display_library: term\n";
    }
    close (BOCHSRC);

    # Compose Bochs command line.
    my (@cmd) = ($bin, '-q');
    unshift (@cmd, $squish_pty) if defined $squish_pty;
    push (@cmd, '-j', $jitter) if defined $jitter;

    # Run Bochs.
    print join (' ', @cmd), "\n";
    my ($exit) = xsystem (@cmd);
    if (WIFEXITED ($exit)) {
	# Bochs exited normally.
	# Ignore the exit code; Bochs normally exits with status 1,
	# which is weird.
    } elsif (WIFSIGNALED ($exit)) {
	die "Bochs died with signal ", WTERMSIG ($exit), "\n";
    } else {
	die "Bochs died: code $exit\n";
    }
}

# print_bochs_disk_line($device, $iface)
#
# If IDE interface $iface has a disk attached, prints a bochsrc.txt
# line for attaching it to $device.
sub print_bochs_disk_line {
    my ($device, $iface) = @_;
    my ($disk) = $disks_by_iface[$iface];
    my ($file) = $disk->{FILE_NAME};
    if (defined $file) {
	my (%geom) = disk_geometry ($disk);
	print BOCHSRC "$device: type=disk, path=$file, mode=flat, ";
	print BOCHSRC "cylinders=$geom{C}, heads=$geom{H}, spt=$geom{S}, ";
	print BOCHSRC "translation=none\n";
    }
}

# Runs QEMU.
sub run_qemu {
    print "warning: qemu doesn't support --terminal\n"
      if $vga eq 'terminal';
    print "warning: qemu doesn't support jitter\n"
      if defined $jitter;
    my (@cmd) = ('qemu-system-i386'); # klaar@ida 2015-02-13

    for my $iface (0...3) {
	my ($option) = ('-hda', '-hdb', '-hdc', '-hdd')[$iface];
	push (@cmd, $option, $disks_by_iface[$iface]{FILE_NAME})
	  if defined $disks_by_iface[$iface]{FILE_NAME};
    }
    # klaar@ida 2015-03-18:
    # '-p' is not supported on modern qemu
    # '-s' is default for '-gdb tcp:1234' on modern qemu
    # '-S' will wait for debugger to connect
    # You can not have both -gdb and -s
    # Using '-gdb tcp::$dport' instead.
    push (@cmd, '-gdb', "tcp::$dport", '-S') if $debug eq 'gdb';
#    push (@cmd, '-p', $dport); # replaced by above
#    push (@cmd, '-singlestep');
    push (@cmd, '-m', $mem);
    push (@cmd, '-net', 'none');
    push (@cmd, '-serial', 'stdio') if $serial && $vga ne 'none';
    push (@cmd, '-S') if $debug eq 'monitor';
#    push (@cmd, '-s', '-S') if $debug eq 'gdb'; # replaced by above
    push (@cmd, '-monitor', 'null') if $vga eq 'none' && $debug eq 'none';
    push (@cmd, '-nographic') if $vga eq 'none';
    run_command (@cmd);
}

# player_unsup($flag)
#
# Prints a message that $flag is unsupported by VMware Player.
sub player_unsup {
    my ($flag) = @_;
    print "warning: no support for $flag with VMware Player\n";
}

# Runs VMware Player.
sub run_player {
    player_unsup ("--$debug") if $debug ne 'none';
    player_unsup ("--no-vga") if $vga eq 'none';
    player_unsup ("--terminal") if $vga eq 'terminal';
    player_unsup ("--jitter") if defined $jitter;
    player_unsup ("--timeout"), undef $timeout if defined $timeout;
    player_unsup ("--kill-on-failure"), undef $kill_on_failure
      if defined $kill_on_failure;

    # Memory size must be multiple of 4.
    $mem = int (($mem + 3) / 4) * 4;

    open (VMX, ">", "pintos.vmx") or die "pintos.vmx: create: $!\n";
    chmod 0777 & ~umask, "pintos.vmx";
    print VMX <<EOF;
#! /usr/bin/vmware -G
config.version = 8
guestOS = "linux"
memsize = $mem
floppy0.present = FALSE
usb.present = FALSE
sound.present = FALSE
gui.exitAtPowerOff = TRUE
gui.exitOnCLIHLT = TRUE
gui.powerOnAtStartUp = TRUE
EOF



    print VMX <<EOF if $serial;
serial0.present = TRUE
serial0.fileType = "pipe"
serial0.fileName = "pintos.socket"
serial0.pipe.endPoint = "client"
serial0.tryNoRxLoss = "TRUE"
EOF

    for (my ($i) = 0; $i < 4; $i++) {
	my ($disk) = $disks_by_iface[$i];
	my ($dsk) = $disk->{FILE_NAME};
	next if !defined $dsk;

	my ($device) = "ide" . int ($i / 2) . ":" . ($i % 2);
	my ($pln) = "$device.pln";
	print VMX <<EOF;

$device.present = TRUE
$device.deviceType = "plainDisk"
$device.fileName = "$pln"
EOF

	open (URANDOM, '<', '/dev/urandom') or die "/dev/urandom: open: $!\n";
	my ($bytes);
	sysread (URANDOM, $bytes, 4) == 4 or die "/dev/urandom: read: $!\n";
	close (URANDOM);
	my ($cid) = unpack ("L", $bytes);

	my (%geom) = disk_geometry ($disk);
	open (PLN, ">", $pln) or die "$pln: create: $!\n";
	print PLN <<EOF;
version=1
CID=$cid
parentCID=ffffffff
createType="monolithicFlat"

RW $geom{CAPACITY} FLAT "$dsk" 0

# The Disk Data Base
#DDB

ddb.adapterType = "ide"
ddb.virtualHWVersion = "4"
ddb.toolsVersion = "2"
ddb.geometry.cylinders = "$geom{C}"
ddb.geometry.heads = "$geom{H}"
ddb.geometry.sectors = "$geom{S}"
EOF
	close (PLN);
    }
    close (VMX);

    my ($squish_unix);
    if ($serial) {
	$squish_unix = find_in_path ("squish-unix");
	print "warning: can't find squish-unix, so terminal input ",
	  "and output will fail\n" if !defined $squish_unix;
    }

    my ($vmx) = getcwd () . "/pintos.vmx";
    my (@cmd) = ("vmplayer", $vmx);
    unshift (@cmd, $squish_unix, "pintos.socket") if $squish_unix;
    print join (' ', @cmd), "\n";
    xsystem (@cmd);
}

# Disk utilities.

# open_disk($disk)
#
# Opens $disk, if it is not already open, and returns its file handle
# and file name.
sub open_disk {
    my ($disk) = @_;
    if (!defined ($disk->{HANDLE})) {
	if ($disk->{FILE_NAME}) {
	    sysopen ($disk->{HANDLE}, $disk->{FILE_NAME}, O_RDWR)
	      or die "$disk->{FILE_NAME}: open: $!\n";
	} else {
	    ($disk->{HANDLE}, $disk->{FILE_NAME}) = tempfile (UNLINK => 1,
							     SUFFIX => '.dsk');
	}
    }
    return ($disk->{HANDLE}, $disk->{FILE_NAME});
}

# open_disk_copy($disk)
#
# Makes a temporary copy of $disk and returns its file handle and file name.
sub open_disk_copy {
    my ($disk) = @_;
    die if !$disk->{FILE_NAME};

    my ($orig_handle, $orig_file_name) = open_disk ($disk);
    my ($cp_handle, $cp_file_name) = tempfile (UNLINK => 1, SUFFIX => '.dsk');
    copy_file ($orig_handle, $orig_file_name, $cp_handle, $cp_file_name,
	       -s $orig_handle);
    return ($disk->{HANDLE}, $disk->{FILE_NAME}) = ($cp_handle, $cp_file_name);
}

# extend_disk($disk, $size)
#
# Extends $disk, if necessary, so that it is at least $size bytes
# long.
sub extend_disk {
    my ($disk, $size) = @_;
    my ($handle, $file_name) = open_disk ($disk);
    if (-s ($handle) < $size) {
	sysseek ($handle, $size - 1, 0) == $size - 1
	  or die "$file_name: seek: $!\n";
	syswrite ($handle, "\0") == 1
	  or die "$file_name: write: $!\n";
    }
}

# disk_geometry($file)
#
# Examines $file and returns a valid IDE disk geometry for it, as a
# hash.
sub disk_geometry {
    my ($disk) = @_;
    my ($file) = $disk->{FILE_NAME};
    my ($size) = -s $file;
    die "$file: stat: $!\n" if !defined $size;
    die "$file: size not a multiple of 512 bytes\n" if $size % 512;
    my ($cyl_size) = 512 * 16 * 63;
    my ($cylinders) = ceil ($size / $cyl_size);
    extend_disk ($disk, $cylinders * $cyl_size) if $size % $cyl_size;

    return (CAPACITY => $size / 512,
	    C => $cylinders,
	    H => 16,
	    S => 63);
}

# copy_file($from_handle, $from_file_name, $to_handle, $to_file_name, $size)
#
# Copies $size bytes from $from_handle to $to_handle.
# $from_file_name and $to_file_name are used in error messages.
sub copy_file {
    my ($from_handle, $from_file_name, $to_handle, $to_file_name, $size) = @_;

    while ($size > 0) {
	my ($chunk_size) = 4096;
	$chunk_size = $size if $chunk_size > $size;
	$size -= $chunk_size;

	my ($data) = read_fully ($from_handle, $from_file_name, $chunk_size);
	write_fully ($to_handle, $to_file_name, $data);
    }
}

# read_fully($handle, $file_name, $bytes)
#
# Reads exactly $bytes bytes from $handle and returns the data read.
# $file_name is used in error messages.
sub read_fully {
    my ($handle, $file_name, $bytes) = @_;
    my ($data);
    my ($read_bytes) = sysread ($handle, $data, $bytes);
    die "$file_name: read: $!\n" if !defined $read_bytes;
    die "$file_name: unexpected end of file\n" if $read_bytes != $bytes;
    return $data;
}

# write_fully($handle, $file_name, $data)
#
# Write $data to $handle.
# $file_name is used in error messages.
sub write_fully {
    my ($handle, $file_name, $data) = @_;
    my ($written_bytes) = syswrite ($handle, $data);
    die "$file_name: write: $!\n" if !defined $written_bytes;
    die "$file_name: short write\n" if $written_bytes != length $data;
}

# Subprocess utilities.

# run_command(@args)
#
# Runs xsystem(@args).
# Also prints the command it's running and checks that it succeeded.
sub run_command {
    print join (' ', @_), "\n";
    die "command failed\n" if xsystem (@_);
}

# xsystem(@args)
#
# Creates a subprocess via exec(@args) and waits for it to complete.
# Relays common signals to the subprocess.
# If $timeout is set then the subprocess will be killed after that long.
sub xsystem {
    # QEMU turns off local echo and does not restore it if killed by a signal.
    # We compensate by restoring it ourselves.
    my $cleanup = sub {};
    if (isatty (0)) {
	my $termios = POSIX::Termios->new;
	$termios->getattr (0);
	$cleanup = sub { $termios->setattr (0, &POSIX::TCSANOW); }
    }

    # Create pipe for filtering output.
    pipe (my $in, my $out) or die "pipe: $!\n" if $kill_on_failure;

    my ($pid) = fork;
    if (!defined ($pid)) {
	# Fork failed.
	die "fork: $!\n";
    } elsif (!$pid) {
	# Running in child process.
	dup2 (fileno ($out), STDOUT_FILENO) or die "dup2: $!\n"
	  if $kill_on_failure;
	exec_setitimer (@_);
    } else {
	# Running in parent process.
	close $out if $kill_on_failure;

	my ($cause);
	local $SIG{ALRM} = sub { timeout ($pid, $cause, $cleanup); };
	local $SIG{INT} = sub { relay_signal ($pid, "INT", $cleanup); };
	local $SIG{TERM} = sub { relay_signal ($pid, "TERM", $cleanup); };
	alarm ($timeout * get_load_average () + 1) if defined ($timeout);

	if ($kill_on_failure) {
	    # Filter output.
	    my ($buf) = "";
	    my ($boots) = 0;
	    local ($|) = 1;
	    for (;;) {
		if (waitpid ($pid, WNOHANG) != 0) {
		    # Subprocess died.  Pass through any remaining data.
		    print $buf while sysread ($in, $buf, 4096) > 0;
		    last;
		}

		# Read and print out pipe data.
		my ($len) = length ($buf);
		# klaar@ida prestore sysread result to get rid of warning
                #  Use of uninitialized value in numeric le (<=) at line 777.
		my ($readcount) = sysread ($in, $buf, 4096, $len);
		waitpid ($pid, 0), last
		    if $readcount <= 0;
		print substr ($buf, $len);

		# Remove full lines from $buf and scan them for keywords.
		while ((my $idx = index ($buf, "\n")) >= 0) {
		    local $_ = substr ($buf, 0, $idx + 1, '');
		    next if defined ($cause);
		    if (/(Kernel PANIC|User process ABORT)/ ) {
			$cause = "\L$1\E";
			alarm (5);
		    } elsif (/Pintos booting/ && ++$boots > 1) {
			$cause = "triple fault";
			alarm (5);
		    } elsif (/FAILED/) {
			$cause = "test failure";
			alarm (5);
		    }
		}
	    }
	} else {
	    waitpid ($pid, 0);
	}
	alarm (0);
	&$cleanup ();

	if (WIFSIGNALED ($?) && WTERMSIG ($?) == get_vtalarm ()) {
	    seek (STDOUT, 0, 2);
	    print "\nTIMEOUT after $timeout seconds of host CPU time\n";
	    exit 0;
	}

	return $?;
    }
}

# relay_signal($pid, $signal, &$cleanup)
#
# Relays $signal to $pid and then reinvokes it for us with the default
# handler.  Also cleans up temporary files and invokes $cleanup.
sub relay_signal {
    my ($pid, $signal, $cleanup) = @_;
    kill $signal, $pid;
    eval { File::Temp::cleanup() };	# Not defined in old File::Temp.
    &$cleanup ();
    $SIG{$signal} = 'DEFAULT';
    kill $signal, getpid ();
}

# timeout($pid, $cause, &$cleanup)
#
# Interrupts $pid and dies with a timeout error message,
# after invoking $cleanup.
sub timeout {
    my ($pid, $cause, $cleanup) = @_;
    kill "INT", $pid;
    waitpid ($pid, 0);
    &$cleanup ();
    seek (STDOUT, 0, 2);
    if (!defined ($cause)) {
	my ($load_avg) = `uptime` =~ /(load average:.*)$/i;
	print "\nTIMEOUT after ", time () - $start_time,
	  " seconds of wall-clock time";
	print  " - $load_avg" if defined $load_avg;
	print "\n";
    } else {
	print "Simulation terminated due to $cause.\n";
    }
    exit 0;
}

# Returns the system load average over the last minute.
# If the load average is less than 1.0 or cannot be determined, returns 1.0.
sub get_load_average {
    my ($avg) = `uptime` =~ /load average:\s*([^,]+),/;
    return $avg >= 1.0 ? $avg : 1.0;
}

# Calls setitimer to set a timeout, then execs what was passed to us.
sub exec_setitimer {
    if (defined $timeout) {
	if ($^V ge 5.8.0) {
	    eval "
              use Time::HiRes qw(setitimer ITIMER_VIRTUAL);
              setitimer (ITIMER_VIRTUAL, $timeout, 0);
            ";
	} else {
	    { exec ("setitimer-helper", $timeout, @_); };
	    exit 1 if !$!{ENOENT};
	    print STDERR "warning: setitimer-helper is not installed, so ",
	      "CPU time limit will not be enforced\n";
	}
    }
    exec (@_);
    exit (1);
}

# klaar@ida modified to solve perl warnings:
#  Prototype mismatch: sub main::SIGVTALRM () vs none at line 883.
#  Constant subroutine SIGVTALRM redefined at line 875.
sub get_vtalarm {
    if (defined &SIGVTALRM) {
	return SIGVTALRM ();
    }
    use Config;
    my $i = 0;
    foreach my $name (split(' ', $Config{sig_name})) {
	return $i if $name eq 'VTALRM';
	$i++;
    }
    return 0;
}

# find_in_path ($program)
#
# Searches for $program in $ENV{PATH}.
# Returns $program if found, otherwise undef.
sub find_in_path {
    my ($program) = @_;
    -x "$_/$program" and return $program foreach split (':', $ENV{PATH});
    return;
}