/*
 * File: pqueue.h
 * --------------
 * This file exports the <code>PriorityQueue</code> class, a
 * collection in which values are processed in priority order.
 */

#ifndef _pqueue_h
#define _pqueue_h

#include "vector.h"

/*
 * Class: PriorityQueue<ValueType>
 * -------------------------------
 * This class models a structure called a <b><i>priority&nbsp;queue</i></b>
 * in which values are processed in order of priority.  As in conventional
 * English usage, lower priority numbers correspond to higher effective
 * priorities, so that a priority 1 item takes precedence over a
 * priority 2 item.
 */

template <typename ValueType>
class PriorityQueue {

public:

/*
 * Constructor: PriorityQueue
 * Usage: PriorityQueue<ValueType> pq;
 * -----------------------------------
 * Initializes a new priority queue, which is initially empty.
 */

   PriorityQueue();

/*
 * Destructor: ~PriorityQueue
 * --------------------------
 * Frees any heap storage associated with this priority queue.
 */

   virtual ~PriorityQueue();

/*
 * Method: size
 * Usage: int n = pq.size();
 * -------------------------
 * Returns the number of values in the priority queue.
 */

   int size() const;

/*
 * Method: isEmpty
 * Usage: if (pq.isEmpty()) ...
 * ----------------------------
 * Returns <code>true</code> if the priority queue contains no elements.
 */

   bool isEmpty() const;

/*
 * Method: clear
 * Usage: pq.clear();
 * ------------------
 * Removes all elements from the priority queue.
 */

   void clear();

/*
 * Method: enqueue
 * Usage: pq.enqueue(value, priority);
 * -----------------------------------
 * Adds <code>value</code> to the queue with the specified priority.
 * Lower priority numbers correspond to higher priorities, which
 * means that all priority 1 elements are dequeued before any
 * priority 2 elements.
 */

   void enqueue(ValueType value, double priority);

/*
 * Method: changePriority
 * Usage: pq.changePriority(value, newPriority);
 * -----------------------------------
 * Adjusts <code>value</code> in the queue to now have the specified new priority,
 * which must be at least as urgent (lower number) than that value's previous
 * priority in the queue.
 * Throws an error if the element value is not present in the queue, or if the
 * new priority passed is not at least as urgent as its current priority.
 */

void changePriority(ValueType value, double newPriority);

/*
 * Method: dequeue
 * Usage: ValueType first = pq.dequeue();
 * --------------------------------------
 * Removes and returns the highest priority value.  If multiple
 * entries in the queue have the same priority, those values are
 * dequeued in the same order in which they were enqueued.
 */

   ValueType dequeue();

/*
 * Method: peek
 * Usage: ValueType first = pq.peek();
 * -----------------------------------
 * Returns the value of highest priority in the queue, without
 * removing it.
 */

   ValueType peek() const;

/*
 * Method: peekPriority
 * Usage: double priority = pq.peekPriority();
 * -------------------------------------------
 * Returns the priority of the first element in the queue, without
 * removing it.
 */

   double peekPriority() const;

/*
 * Method: front
 * Usage: ValueType first = pq.front();
 * ------------------------------------
 * Returns the first value in the queue by reference.
 */

   ValueType & front();

/*
 * Method: back
 * Usage: ValueType last = pq.back();
 * ----------------------------------
 * Returns the last value in the queue by reference.
 */

   ValueType & back();

/*
 * Method: toString
 * Usage: string str = pq.toString();
 * ----------------------------------
 * Converts the queue to a printable string representation.
 */

   std::string toString();

/* Private section */

/**********************************************************************/
/* Note: Everything below this point in the file is logically part    */
/* of the implementation and should not be of interest to clients.    */
/**********************************************************************/

/*
 * Implementation notes: PriorityQueue data structure
 * --------------------------------------------------
 * The PriorityQueue class is implemented using a data structure called
 * a heap.
 */

private:

/* Type used for each heap entry */

   struct HeapEntry {
      ValueType value;
      double priority;
      long sequence;
   };

/* Instance variables */

   Vector<HeapEntry> heap;
   long enqueueCount;
   int backIndex;
   int count;
   int capacity;

/* Private function prototypes */

   void enqueueHeap(ValueType & value, double priority);
   ValueType dequeueHeap();
   bool takesPriority(int i1, int i2);
   void swapHeapEntries(int i1, int i2);

};

extern void error(std::string msg);

template <typename ValueType>
PriorityQueue<ValueType>::PriorityQueue() {
   clear();
}

/*
 * Implementation notes: ~PriorityQueue destructor
 * -----------------------------------------------
 * All of the dynamic memory is allocated in the Vector class,
 * so no work is required at this level.
 */

template <typename ValueType>
PriorityQueue<ValueType>::~PriorityQueue() {
   /* Empty */
}

template <typename ValueType>
int PriorityQueue<ValueType>::size() const {
   return count;
}

template <typename ValueType>
bool PriorityQueue<ValueType>::isEmpty() const {
   return count == 0;
}

template <typename ValueType>
void PriorityQueue<ValueType>::clear() {
   heap.clear();
   count = 0;
}

template <typename ValueType>
void PriorityQueue<ValueType>::enqueue(ValueType value, double priority) {
   if (count == heap.size()) heap.add(HeapEntry());
   int index = count++;
   heap[index].value = value;
   heap[index].priority = priority;
   heap[index].sequence = enqueueCount++;
   if (index == 0 || takesPriority(backIndex, index)) backIndex = index;
   while (index > 0) {
      int parent = (index - 1) / 2;
      if (takesPriority(parent, index)) break;
      swapHeapEntries(parent, index);
      index = parent;
   }
}

template <typename ValueType>
void PriorityQueue<ValueType>::changePriority(ValueType value, double newPriority) {
    // parts of this implementation are adapted from TrailblazerPQueue.h,
    // which was written by Keith Schwarz

    if (!(newPriority == newPriority)) {
        error("PriorityQueue::changePriority(" + genericValueToString(value) + ", "
              + realToString(newPriority) + "): Attempted to use NaN as a priority.");
    }

    // find the element in the pqueue; must use a simple iteration over elements
    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        if (heap[i].value == value) {
            if (heap[i].priority < newPriority) {
                error("PriorityQueue::changePriority(" + genericValueToString(value) + ", "
                      + realToString(newPriority)
                      + "): new priority cannot be less urgent than current priority of "
                      + realToString(heap[i].priority) + ".");
            }
            heap[i].priority = newPriority;

            // after changing the priority, must percolate up to proper level
            // to maintain heap ordering
            while (i > 0) {
                int parent = (i - 1) / 2;
                if (takesPriority(parent, i)) break;
                swapHeapEntries(parent, i);
                i = parent;
            }

            return;
        }
    }

    // if we get here, the element was not ever found
    error("PriorityQueue::changePriority(" + genericValueToString(value) + ", "
          + realToString(newPriority) + "): Element value not found.");
}

/*
 * Implementation notes: dequeue, peek, peekPriority
 * -------------------------------------------------
 * These methods must check for an empty queue and report an error
 * if there is no first element.
 */

template <typename ValueType>
ValueType PriorityQueue<ValueType>::dequeue() {
   if (count == 0) error("dequeue: Attempting to dequeue an empty queue");
   count--;
   bool wasBack = (backIndex == count);
   ValueType value = heap[0].value;
   swapHeapEntries(0, count);
   int index = 0;
   while (true) {
      int left = 2 * index + 1;
      int right = 2 * index + 2;
      if (left >= count) break;
      int child = left;
      if (right < count && takesPriority(right, left)) child = right;
      if (takesPriority(index, child)) break;
      swapHeapEntries(index, child);
      index = child;
   }
   if (wasBack) backIndex = index;
   return value;
}

template <typename ValueType>
ValueType PriorityQueue<ValueType>::peek() const {
   if (count == 0) error("peek: Attempting to peek at an empty queue");
   return heap.get(0).value;
}

template <typename ValueType>
double PriorityQueue<ValueType>::peekPriority() const {
   if (count == 0) error("peekPriority: Attempting to peek at an empty queue");
   return heap.get(0).priority;
}

template <typename ValueType>
ValueType & PriorityQueue<ValueType>::front() {
   if (count == 0) error("front: Attempting to read front of an empty queue");
   return heap.get(0).value;
}

template <typename ValueType>
ValueType & PriorityQueue<ValueType>::back() {
   if (count == 0) error("back: Attempting to read back of an empty queue");
   return heap.get(backIndex).value;
}

template <typename ValueType>
bool PriorityQueue<ValueType>::takesPriority(int i1, int i2) {
   if (heap[i1].priority < heap[i2].priority) return true;
   if (heap[i1].priority > heap[i2].priority) return false;
   return (heap[i1].sequence < heap[i2].sequence);
}

template <typename ValueType>
void PriorityQueue<ValueType>::swapHeapEntries(int i1, int i2) {
   HeapEntry entry = heap[i1];
   heap[i1] = heap[i2];
   heap[i2] = entry;
}

template <typename ValueType>
std::string PriorityQueue<ValueType>::toString() {
   ostringstream os;
   os << *this;
   return os.str();
}

template <typename ValueType>
std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & os,
                          const PriorityQueue<ValueType> & pq) {
   os << "{";
   PriorityQueue<ValueType> copy = pq;
   int len = pq.size();
   for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
      if (i > 0) os << ", ";
      os << copy.peekPriority() << ":";
      writeGenericValue(os, copy.dequeue(), true);
   }
   return os << "}";
}

template <typename ValueType>
std::istream & operator>>(std::istream & is, PriorityQueue<ValueType> & pq) {
   char ch;
   is >> ch;
   if (ch != '{') error("operator >>: Missing {");
   pq.clear();
   is >> ch;
   if (ch != '}') {
      is.unget();
      while (true) {
         double priority;
         is >> priority >> ch;
         if (ch != ':') error("operator >>: Missing colon after priority");
         ValueType value;
         readGenericValue(is, value);
         pq.enqueue(value, priority);
         is >> ch;
         if (ch == '}') break;
         if (ch != ',') {
            error(std::string("operator >>: Unexpected character ") + ch);
         }
      }
   }
   return is;
}

#endif