def key_exists(key, d):
    return key in d

def value_exists1(value, d):
    return value in d.values()

def add_to_dict(key, value, d):
    d[key] = value

def add_new_only_to_dict(key, value, d):
    if not key in d:
        d[key] = value

def increment_dictionary_value1(key, d):
    d[key] += 1

def increment_dictionary_value2(key, d):
    if key in d:
        d[key] += 1
    else:
        d[key] = 1

def add_to_value_list1(key, value, d):
    d[key].append(value)

def return_value_list1(prefix, d):
    res = []
    for k, v in d.items():
        if k.startswith(prefix):
            res.append(v)
    return res

def value_exists2(value, d):
    for _,v in d.items():
        if value == v:
            return True
        if type(v) == list:
            return value in v
    return False